Long-term Tillage Alters Soil Properties and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community in Lime Concretion Black Soil under Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Double-Cropping System

Tillage practices can directly affect soil quality, influencing properties, crop growth, and microbial community characteristics. However, the influence of long-term tillage on rhizosphere bacterial in lime concretion black remains largely unknown. In this study, effects nine-year rotary (RT), no-tillage (NT), subsoiling (ST), plow (PT) chemical structure, correlations between communities properties maize were investigated. The results revealed that yield ST PT was higher by 10.61% 10.26% than RT 10.25% 9.90% NT, respectively. organic matter (SOM) total nitrogen (TN) contents NT significantly those PT, whereas available phosphorus (AP) content RT. diversity richness exhibited a trend > ST. principal component analysis differed among treatments. Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) demonstrated Proteobacteria, Armatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi could serve as crucial biomarkers. Phylogenetic investigation reconstruction unobserved states (PICRUSt) genes involved carbon, lipid, xenobiotic metabolism enriched under carbon fixation NT. Besides, Armatimonadetes positively associated with AP levels negatively pH; however, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes an opposite trend. Overall, improved environmental suitability increasing keystone taxa; thus, these yield. These findings enhance our understanding functional for winter wheat–summer double-cropping system.